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The 2000 Canadian federal election was held on November 27, 2000, to elect 301 Members of Parliament of the Canadian House of Commons of the 37th Parliament of Canada.
Since the previous election of 1997, small-"c" conservatives had begun attempts to merge the Reform Party of Canada and Progressive Conservative Party of Canada as part of the United Alternative agenda. During that time, Jean Charest stepped down as leader of the Progressive Conservatives and former Prime Minister Joe Clark took over the party and opposed any union with the Reform Party. In spring of 2000, the Reform Party became the Canadian Alliance, a political party dedicated to uniting right-wing conservatives together into one party. Former Reform Party leader Preston Manning lost in a leadership race to Stockwell Day who became leader of the new Canadian Alliance party.
The federal government called an early election after being in office for just over three years (with a maximum allowed mandate of five years). The governing Liberal Party of Canada won a third consecutive majority government, winning more seats than the previous election. The Canadian Alliance made some minor gains, such as electing two Members of Parliament (MPs) from the province of Ontario. The Bloc Québécois, New Democratic Party and the PC Party all lost seats. As the 1993 and 1997 federal elections involved vote-splitting between the Reform Party and the PC Party, the situation was repeated again between the Alliance and the PC Party, which in Canada's First Past the Post system allowed many Liberal candidates with a plurality of votes to win.
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The decision by Prime Minister and Liberal Party leader Jean Chrétien to call a snap, early election in fall of 2000 has been viewed by commentators as an attempt to stem a possible rise of support to the Canadian Alliance. At the time of the election, the Canadian economy was strong and there were few immediate negative issues, as the opposition parties were not prepared for the campaign.[1] Had the election been held later in 2001 amid an economic downturn, some observers suggested that the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative parties may have merged together as a united right-wing party, or that right-wing voters would turn en masse to either the Alliance or PC Party, which would have presented a more difficult election for the Liberal Party.[2] [3]
The major issue in the election was health care which had risen in public opinion polls to be the most important issue for Canadians.[4]
The public was largely uninterested in the election, as it appeared to the public be a repeat of previous elections where the regionally-divided nature of the election would and did give the Liberal Party Ontario, the Alliance in Western Canada, and the Bloc Québécois and Liberals in Quebec.[5]
The Liberals’ final television advertisement, according to Stephen Clarkson's The Big Red Machine, “emphasized the contrast between [the Liberals and the Canadian Alliance] while warning voters about [PC leader] Joe Clark’s claim that he would form a coalition with the Bloc Québécois in a minority government. The ad told Canadians not to take risks with other parties but to choose a strong, proven team.” [6]
The Liberal Party entered the election with a record of having ended the fiscal deficit, made major reductions in federal spending (such as by cuts to the civil service, privatization of crown corporations), creating new environmental regulations, and increased spending beginning on social programs beginning in 1998 after the budget deficit had ended and a surplus had been achieved.[7] The Liberal Party came under attack by opposition parties for irregularities in the Department of Human Resources' Transition Job Fund program, but Chrétien managed to capably defend the government's actions.[7] Chrétien was directly attacked by the opposition parties for alleged corrupt involvement from the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) in providing funding to local projects in Chrétien's riding of Saint-Maurice.[8] The Liberal Party focused its attacks on the Canadian Alliance, accusing it of being a dangerous right-wing movement that was dangerous to national unity.[9] The Liberal Party's most tense problem was the ongoing leadership feud within the Liberal Party between Chrétien and Finance Minister Paul Martin who wanted to replace Chrétien as Liberal leader and Prime Minister.[10]
Due to the regionalized nature of previous elections, the Liberal Party designed its election strategy along regional lines, aiming to take every seat in Ontario, winning seats in Quebec from the Bloc Québécois, winning seats in Atlantic Canada, while attempting to minimize losses in Western Canada to the Canadian Alliance.[7]
Chrétien only spent parts of nine days campaigning in the West, including only two stops in the province of Alberta, both in the city of Edmonton while visiting the province of British Columbia only three times, and only in the cities of Victoria and Vancouver.[11]
The Liberal Party focused its effort in regaining support in Atlantic Canada, where the party had suffered serious loses in the 1997 election to the New Democratic Party and Progressive Conservative Party due to the Liberal government's imposition of quotas on Atlantic Canadian cod fisheries and the government's cuts to unemployment insurance benefits.[12] Chrétien gained support during the campaign from former New Brunswick Premier Frank McKenna and former Chrétien government minister and then the current Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, Brian Tobin resigned as Premier and ran as a Liberal Party candidate in his province.[12] During the campaign, Chrétien apologized to Atlantic Canadians for the negative impact of employment insurance reforms which had caused hardship in Atlantic Canada.[12]
In Quebec, the Liberal Party benefited from the collapse of support for the Progressive Conservative Party, after the PCs' popular Québécois leader Jean Charest had resigned in 1998 and was replaced by former Prime Minister Joe Clark who was unpopular in Quebec which resulted in three PC members from Quebec defecting to join the Liberal Party prior to the election.[13] In Quebec the recently passed Clarity Act by the federal government was controversial in that it demanded a clear and concise question on a new referendum on sovereignty.[14] Chrétien defended the Clarity Act and attacked sovereigntist Quebec premier and former Bloc Québécois leader Lucien Bouchard, challenging him to hold another referendum on sovereignty under the new laws, as Chrétien expected that the sovereigntists would lose such a referendum.[14] The Liberal Party promised a number of government projects in Quebec to woo Quebec voters to the Liberal Party.[14]
The Liberal Party appealed to Canada's most populous province of Ontario by acting to restore funding that it's government had cut in the 1990s in order to cut the deficit of the 1990s.[15] The Liberal government established a health accord with all premiers in September 2000 that involved major projected increases to public health care spending.[15] Overall, the Liberals increased their number of seats in the House of Commons from 155 seats to 172 seats.
The Canadian Alliance (the common short form name of Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance) was a new political party in the election, having been created only months earlier as the successor to the Reform Party of Canada, a party originally founded as a Western Canada protest party which sought to become a national party in the 1990s.[16] Reform Party leader Preston Manning was deeply disappointed with the Reform Party's failure to spread eastward in the 1997 election, as the Reform Party lost its only seat in Ontario in that election, which isolated the party only to Western Canada.[17] Both the leadership and supporters of the Reform Party realized that major changes had to be made in order to shed the party's image as a western-based protest party.[17] The Reform Party identified vote-splitting with its rival conservative movement, the Progressive Conservative Party as the cause for the Liberal Party winning the 1997 election, and thus stated that the solution was the merger of the Reform and Progressive Conservative parties together into one party.[18] This agenda by the Reform Party to unite the two parties was called the United Alternative which began in 1998.[19]
The Alliance was founded in May 2000.[16] The new party also had a new leader, Stockwell Day who won the leadership contest for the party after competing with Manning for the position. The Alliance had hoped to use the 2000 election to decimate the PC Party to end its conservative rival and allow the Alliance to become the dominant conservative political party in Canada.[16] The Alliance dedicated its campaign to legitimizing the party as a national party and not a western-based party as its predecessor the Reform Party largely was, in spite of its efforts to become a national party.[16] New leader Stockwell Day was expected to appeal far more to the crucial Ontario voters, and the Canadian Alliance was hoping for major improvements. The Alliance campaigned on tax cuts, an end to the federal gun registration program, and family values. The campaign was dogged by accusations that the party would allow private health care to operate alongside the public medicare system and introduce two-tier health care, and for threatening gay rights and abortion rights. The Alliance ended up winning only two Ontario ridings. This led to the eventual downfall of Day the next year. At one point, the Alliance was at 30.5% in the polls, and some thought they could win the election, or at least knock the Liberals down to a minority government. While they did not do so, they did retain their official opposition status, and increased their numbers in the House of Commons by six seats, from 60 to 66.
On election night, controversy arose when a CBC producer's gratuitously sexist comment about Stockwell Day's daughter-in-law, Juliana Thiessen Day, was accidentally broadcast on the Canadian networks' pooled election feed from Day's riding.
The Bloc Québécois suffered from the unpopular decision of its provincial counterpart, the ruling Parti Québécois government's agenda to merge the communities surrounding Quebec City into one community.[20] Many Québécois were angered by this decision and voted in protest against the Bloc or chose to not vote at all to demonstrate their frustration.[21] Bloc leader Gilles Duceppe received negative media attention after he decided to personally appoint candidate Nöel Tremblay to run in the riding of Chicoutimi-Le Fjord in spite of the Bloc's riding association's selection of Sylvain Gaudreault to run in the riding.[22] The Bloc's 177 page platform was criticized as being far too large and few copies were distributed and few internet users accessed the platform because of is length and was rarely discussed during the campaign.[23] Instead, the Bloc produced large numbers of copies of small booklets that outlined the policies within the large platform.[24] The Bloc campaigned to try to win over previous supporters of the PC Party.[24] This campaign strategy failed, as the Bloc lost seats to the Liberal Party due to the collapse of Quebec support for the Progressive Conservative Party, whose voters shifted to the Liberal Party.[25] The Bloc won in 38 ridings, six ridings fewer than in the 1997 election.
The New Democratic Party suffered badly in the campaign due to the drop in support for the provincial New Democratic parties over the preceding decade and amid a scandal in 2000 facing British Columbia's NDP Premier Glen Clark who was forced to resign as Premier.[26] Matters were made worse for the federal NDP after Saskatchewan's NDP Premier Roy Romanow resigned in 2000 after the party lost seats in the 1999 Saskatchewan provincial election, and afterwards suggested that the federal NDP should merge together with the Liberal Party.[26] In Nova Scotia, the provincial NDP lost seats in its 1999 election while the NDP government of the Yukon had been recently defeated.[26] As Canada's major social democratic political party, it relied on support from the labour movement, but recent strains between the NDP and the Canadian Auto Workers union and the Canadian Labour Congress had weakened the party's base of support.[26] The party had received little media attention during the election and 2000 as a whole, due to the media's focus on Canada's newest political party, the Canadian Alliance, the political comeback of former Prime Minister Joe Clark to the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party, and the leadership feud within the Liberal Party between Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin.[10] The NDP did not expect to do well in the election and aimed to win thirty-two "must-win" seats.[10]
The NDP's platform and campaign focused on protecting medicare while attacking the Liberal Party for its tax cuts to wealthy Canadians and corporations.[4] The NDP's focus on attacking the Liberals failed to recognize the surging support for the Canadian Alliance in the province of Saskatchewan, which the NDP had hoped to gain seats in.[27] The NDP failed to galvanize support, as it remained low in support in polling results throughout most of the election campaign.[28] NDP leader Alexa McDonough performed badly in the French-language debate due to her not being fluent in French.[29] In the English-language debate, McDonough attacked Alliance leader Stockwell Day for favouring two-tier health care and attacked Liberal leader Jean Chrétien for giving out tax cuts to the wealthy rather than funding Canada's public health care system.[29]
The Progressive Conservative Party aimed to regain its former place in Canadian politics under the leadership of former Prime Minister Joe Clark. The PC Party had a very disappointing election, falling from 20 to 12 seats, and being almost exclusively confined to the Maritime provinces and Newfoundland. It won the 12 seats needed for Official party status in the House of Commons, however. Failure to win 12 seats might have marginalized the party in the House of Commons, and likely led to a more rapid decline.
It should be noted that governing parties have the option of extending party status to caucuses of less than twelve members at their discretion. Had the Progressive Conservatives been just a few seats short of the requisite twelve and the NDP had stayed at least twelve seats, the Liberal government would likely have exercised this option as they had done for Social Credit in 1974.
The Green Party of Canada's rise in popularity continued with an 88% increase in support, besting even the impressive 79% increase in support it had registered in the preceding 1997 election. Green Party candidates received 2.2% of the vote in the ridings they contested, and 2.1% of the vote province-wide in British Columbia despite not running a full slate of candidates there. In Nunavut, the Green Party candidate received 4.5% of the vote, the best it had yet received in any province or territory. Despite two consecutive elections of impressive gains, the Green Party in the 2000 election remained all but ignored by the national media.
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| Party | Party leader | Candidates | Seats | Popular vote | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | Dissol. | Elected | % Change | # | % | Change | ||||
| Liberal | Jean Chrétien | 301 | 155 | 161 | 172 | +11.0% | 5,252,031 | 40.85% | +2.39% | |
| Canadian Alliance | Stockwell Day | 298 | 60 | 58 | 66 | +10.0% | 3,276,929 | 25.49% | +6.13%1 | |
| Bloc Québécois | Gilles Duceppe | 75 | 44 | 44 | 38 | -13.6% | 1,377,727 | 10.72% | +0.04% | |
| New Democrats | Alexa McDonough | 298 | 21 | 19 | 13 | -38.1% | 1,093,868 | 8.51% | -2.54% | |
| Progressive Conservative | Joe Clark | 291 | 20 | 15 | 12 | -40.0% | 1,566,998 | 12.19% | -6.65% | |
| Green | Joan Russow | 111 | - | - | - | - | 104,402 | 0.81% | +0.38% | |
| Marijuana | Marc-Boris St-Maurice | 73 | * | - | - | * | 66,258 | 0.52% | * | |
| No affiliation | 57 | - | - | - | - | 37,591 | 0.29% | +0.28% | ||
| Canadian Action | Paul T. Hellyer | 70 | - | - | - | - | 27,103 | 0.21% | +0.08% | |
| Independent | 29 | 1 | 4 | - | -100% | 17,445 | 0.14% | -0.32% | ||
| Natural Law | Neil Paterson | 69 | - | - | - | - | 16,577 | 0.13% | -0.16% | |
| Marxist-Leninist | Sandra L. Smith | 84 | - | - | - | - | 12,068 | 0.09% | - | |
| Communist | Miguel Figueroa | 52 | * | - | - | * | 8,776 | 0.09% | * | |
| Vacant | - | |||||||||
| Total | 1,808 | 301 | 301 | 301 | ±0.0% | 12,857,773 | 100% | - | ||
| Sources: http://www.elections.ca History of Federal Ridings since 1867 | ||||||||||
Notes:
"% change" refers to change from previous election
* - Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election
1 - percentage change from Reform Party of Canada in previous election.
| Party name | BC | AB | SK | MB | ON | QC | NB | NS | PE | NL | NU | NT | YK | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liberal | Seats: | 5 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 100 | 36 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 172 | |
| Popular vote: | 27.7 | 20.9 | 20.7 | 32.5 | 51.5 | 44.2 | 41.7 | 36.5 | 47.0 | 44.9 | 69.0 | 45.3 | 32.9 | 40.8 | ||
| Canadian Alliance | Seats: | 27 | 23 | 10 | 4 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 66 | ||
| Vote: | 49.4 | 58.9 | 47.7 | 30.4 | 23.6 | 6.2 | 15.7 | 9.6 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 17.6 | 27.0 | 25.5 | |||
| Bloc Québécois | Seats: | 38 | 38 | |||||||||||||
| Vote: | 39.9 | 10.7 | ||||||||||||||
| New Democratic | Seats: | 2 | - | 2 | 4 | 1 | - | 1 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | 13 | |
| Vote: | 11.3 | 5.4 | 26.2 | 20.9 | 8.3 | 1.8 | 11.7 | 24.0 | 9.0 | 13.1 | 18.3 | 26.9 | 32.1 | 8.5 | ||
| Progressive Conservative | Seats: | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | 3 | 4 | - | 2 | - | - | - | 12 | |
| Vote: | 7.3 | 13.5 | 4.8 | 14.5 | 14.4 | 5.6 | 30.5 | 29.1 | 38.4 | 34.5 | 8.1 | 10.1 | 7.6 | 12.2 | ||
| Total seats: | 34 | 26 | 14 | 14 | 103 | 75 | 10 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 301 | ||
| Parties that won no seats: | ||||||||||||||||
| Green | Vote: | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 4.5 | 0.8 | |||||
| Marijuana | Vote: | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | |||||||
| Canadian Action | Vote: | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||||||||
| Natural Law | Vote: | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||||||
| Marxist-Leninist | Vote: | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||||||||
| Communist | Vote: | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||||||||
| Other | Vote: | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 4.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | |||||
Source: Elections Canada
1.Champlain, QC: Marcel Gagnon (BQ) def. Julie Boulet (Lib) by 15 votes
2.Laval Centre, QC: Madeleine Dalphond-Guiral (BQ) def. Pierre Lafleur (Lib) by 42 votes
3.Leeds—Grenville, ON: Joe Jordan (Lib) def. Gord Brown (CA) by 55 votes
4.Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar, SK: Carol Skelton (CA) def. Dennis Gruending (NDP) by 68 votes
5.Yukon, YT: Larry Bagnell (Lib) def. Louise Hardy (NDP) by 70 votes
6.Tobique—Mactaquac, NB: Andy Savoy (Lib) def. Gilles Bernier (PC) by 150 votes
7.Regina—Lumsden—Lake Centre, SK: Larry Spencer (CA) def. John Solomon (NDP) by 161 votes
8.Regina—Qu'Appelle, SK: Lorne Nystrom (NDP) def. Don Leier (CA) by 164 votes
9.Palliser, SK: Dick Proctor (NDP) def. Don Findlay (CA) by 209 votes
10.Matapédia—Matane, QC: Jean-Yves Roy (BQ) def. Marc Bélanger (Lib) by 276 votes
11.Cardigan, PE: Lawrence MacAulay (Lib) def. Kevin MacAdam (PC) by 276 votes
Articles on parties' candidates in this election:
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